Techniques in Vascular & Interventional Radiology
Volume 9, Issue 1 , Pages 19-23 , March 2006

Pelvic Congestion Syndrome, Who Should We Treat and How?

  • Tony Nicholson, BSC, MSC, MB ChB, FRCR

      Affiliations

    • Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom.
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Tony Nicholson, MD, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds General Infirmary, Great George Street, Leeds, LS1 3EX.
    • ,
  • Antonio Basile, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Ferrarotto Hospital, Catania, Italy.

References 

  1. Harris RD, Holtzman SR, Poppe AM. Clinical outcome in female patients with pelvic pain and normal pelvic ultrasound findings. Radiology. 2000;216:440–443
  2. APGO Educational Series on Women’s Health Issues. Chronic pelvic pain: An integrated approach. Crofton, MD: APGO; 2000;
  3. Beard RW, Reginald PW, Wadsworth J. Clinical features of women with chronic lower abdominal pain and pelvic congestion. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998;95:153–161
  4. Rudloff U, Holmes RJ, Prem JT, et al. Mesoaortic compression of the left renal vein (nutcracker syndrome): Case reports and review of the literature. Ann Vasc Surg. 2006;20:120–129
  5. El Sadr AR, Mina A. Anatomical and surgical aspects of the operative management of varicoceles. Urol Cutan Rev. 1950;54:257–262
  6. MacMahon HE, Latorraca R. Essential renal hematuria. J Urol. 1954;71:667–676
  7. Pytel A. Renal fornical hemorrhages: Their pathogenesis and treatment. J Urol. 1960;83:783–789
  8. Scultetus AH, Villavicencio JL, Gillespie DL. The nutcracker syndrome: Its role in the pelvic venous disorders. J Vasc Surg. 2001;34:812–819
  9. Wendel RG, Crawford ED, Hehman KN. The “nutcracker” phenomenon: An unusual cause for renal varicosities with hematuria. J Urol. 1980;123:761–763
  10. Ahmed K, Sampath R, Khan MS. Current trends in the diagnosis and management of renal nutcracker syndrome: A review. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;31:410–416
  11. Segawa N, Azuma H, Iwamoto Y, et al. Expandable metallic stent placement for nutcracker phenomenon. Urology. 1999;53:631–633
  12. Kim SJ, Kim CW, Kim S, et al. Long-term follow-up after endovascular stent placement for treatment of nutcracker syndrome. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005;16:428–431
  13. Van der Laan L, Vos JA, de Boer E, et al. The central-venous compression syndrome: Rare, but adequately treatable with endovascular stenting. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2004;148:433–437
  14. Hartung O, Grisoli D, Boufi M, et al. Endovascular stenting in the treatment of pelvic vein congestion caused by nutcracker syndrome: Lessons learned from the first five cases. J Vasc Surg. 2005;42:275–280
  15. Farquhar CM, Rogers V, Franks S, et al. The value of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and of psychotherapy in the treatment pelvic congestion. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;96:1153
  16. Rundqvist E, Sandholm LE, Larsson G. Treatment of pelvic varicosities causing lower abdominal pain with extraperitoneal resection of the left ovarian vein. Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1984;73:339–341
  17. Machan L. Embolization in the female pelvis. In:  Dyet JD,  Ettles D,  Nicholson AA, et al. editor. Textbook of Endovascular Procedures. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill-Livingstone; 2000;p. 367
  18. Tarazov PG, Prozorovskij KV, Ryzhkov VK. Pelvic pain syndrome caused by ovarian varices: Treatment by transcatheter embolization. Acta Radiol. 1997;38:1023–1025
  19. Capasso P, Simons C, Trotteur G, et al. Treatment of symptomatic pelvic varices by ovarian vein embolization. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1997;20:107–111
  20. Cordts PR, Eclavea A, Buckley PJ, et al. Pelvic congestion syndrome: Early clinical results after transcatheter ovarian vein embolization. J Vasc Surg. 1998;28:862–868
  21. Kim HS, Malhotra AD, Rowe PC, et al. Embolotherapy for pelvic congestion syndrome: Long-term results. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2006;17:289–297
  22. Venbrux AC, Chang AH, Kim HS, et al. Pelvic congestion syndrome (pelvic venous incompetence): Impact of ovarian and internal iliac vein embolotherapy on menstrual cycle and chronic pelvic pain. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002;13:171–178

PII: S1089-2516(06)00028-X

doi: 10.1053/j.tvir.2006.08.005

Techniques in Vascular & Interventional Radiology
Volume 9, Issue 1 , Pages 19-23 , March 2006

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